Definitions of key concepts and explanations of their origin. How do we get 'weather'. What separates the Earth from other planets in terms of weather?
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The Earth's atmosphere and composition, and how it relates to weather. The circulation of water in the atmosphere. Air pressure and density. Layers of the atmosphere.
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Why the Earth has seasons. The Earth's axial tilt and it's annual revolution around the Sun. Why some have four seasons, and others have only two. Seasonal effects on daily living. Seasonal variations.
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Heat transfer in the atmosphere. Radiation and temperature. The Earth's atmospheric energy budget. "Global Warming and the "Greenhouse Effect".
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Relative humidity. Partial Pressures and saturation vapor pressure. Dewpoint and humidity. Specific humidity and mixing ratio. Effects of increased humidity on the human body. Heat index.
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Nighttime moisture. Condensation nuclei. Haze and fog. Clouds, cloud type, and cloud classification. Unusual clouds. Stability and cloud development.
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The Hydrologic cycle. How precipitation forms in the atmosphere. Ice-Crystal process. Rain, snow, sleet freezing rain, ice pellets, and hail. Liquid-Ice equivalents.
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Reasons for wind and the forces that influence it. Upper-air wind vs. Surface winds. Jet Streams. Wind and pressure. Convergence and Divergence.
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Air masses in North America. Air mass classification. Fronts and front types: Warm, cold, stationary, and occluded fronts. Types of weather associated with certain air masses and fronts.
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Cyclogenesis. Advection. Vertical structure of strong frontal systems. Development and life cycle of thunderstorms. Formation and classification of hurricanes.
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Properties of a severe thunderstorm. Supercells. Lightning and lightning formation. Creation of hail. Downdrafts and microbursts. Tornadoes development and classification.
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Light scattering and absorption. White clouds, blue sky, red sun, and blue moons. Lightning and rainbows. Halos, sundogs, coronas, etc. Dispersion, reflection, refraction, and diffraction phenomena.
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Assembling weather data. Determining movement of weather systems. Topographic effects of weather. Computer models and ensembles. Modern challenges to forecasting.
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